Every Nobel Prize since 2020,
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Memory as a landscape: the physics behind machine learning

The 2024 Physics prize honours the physics that underpins machine learning. John Hopfield showed that a simple network of connected nodes can store a memory as the low point of an energy landscape and recall it from a noisy or partial clue. Geoffrey Hinton extended that idea into the Boltzmann machine, a network that learns the hidden patterns in data on its own and helped launch today's deep learning.